![]() ![]() (2018).Ī few authors (Danilov and Morozova, 1985 Prölss, 1995, 1997 Laštovička, 1996 Fuller-Rowell et al., 1997 Buonsanto, 1999 Danilov and Laštovička, 2001 Danilov, 2013) generalized the observations of ionospheric storms. The statistics of magnetic and ionospheric storms are presented in Vijaya Lekshmi et al. Later, the statistical approach was employed by Chernogor and Domnin (2014). Matsushita (1959) was the first to apply statistics to ionospheric storms. The results of the first observations of ionospheric disturbances occurring during magnetic storms were described by Hafstad and Tuve (1929) and Appleton and Ingram (1935). The proper magnetic storms have been observed for about 400 years. ![]() The study of geospace storms, which are not quite correctly termed by some authors as the magnetic storms, the ionospheric storms, or thermospheric storms, has almost a 100 year history. Their joint study requires clustered-instrument studies of the internal layers in the Sun–interplanetary medium–magnetosphere–ionosphere–atmosphere–Earth (SIMMIAE) system (Chernogor and Rozumenko, 2008 Zalyubovsky et al., 2008 Chernogor, 2011 Chernogor and Domnin, 2014 Chernogor and Rozumenko, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018 Chernogor et al., 2020). All the processes listed above affect the magnetosphere, the ionosphere, the atmosphere, and the internal terrestrial layers through the interplanetary medium. These storms are of solar origin, and they may be accompanied by solar flares, coronal mass ejections, high-speed solar wind streams, energetic proton fluxes, and solar radio bursts. Consequently, the discussion of only one of the storms would be incomplete, and therefore, the analysis of geospace storms requires the employment of a systems approach. Originating in the magnetosphere, the ionosphere, and the atmosphere (i.e.,Įlectrical storms Chernogor and Rozumenko, 2008 Chernogor, 2011 Chernogor and Domnin, 2014). Ionospheric storms, atmospheric storms, and storms in the electric fields Geospace storms are comprised of synergistically coupled magnetic storms, The results obtained have made a contribution to the understanding of the geospace storm physics, to developing theoretical and empirical models of geospace storms, to the acquisition of detailed understanding of the adverse effects that geospace storms have on radio wave propagation, and to applying that knowledge to effective forecasting of these adverse influences. At the same time, the height of reflection of the radio waves varied quasi-periodically with a 20–30 km amplitude. The atmospheric gravity waves generated within the geospace storm modulated the ionospheric electron density for the ∼30 min period oscillation, the amplitude of the electron density disturbances could attain ∼40 %, while it did not exceed 6 % for the ∼15 min period. In the course of the ionospheric storm, the altitude of reflection of radio waves could sharply increase from ∼150 to ∼300–310 km. Appreciableĭisturbances were also observed to occur in the ionospheric E region and Geospace storm, a moderately to strongly negative ionospheric storm manifested itself by the reduction in the ionospheric F-region electronĭensity by a factor of 1.4 to 2.4 times on 31 August and 1 September 2019, compared to the its values on the reference day. Showed a maximum in the 300–400 to 700–900 s period range. Increased from 0.2–0.3 to 2–4 nT, while the energy of the oscillations On 31 August and 1 September 2019, the level of fluctuations in the geomagnetic field in the 100–1000 s period range On 31 August and 1 September 2019, the variations in the H and D components attained 60–70 nT, while the Z-component variations did not exceed 20 nT. The recovery phase also was lengthy and was no less than 2 d. The energy and power of the magnetic storm have been estimated to be 1.5×10 15 J and 9×10 9 W, i.e., this storm is moderate, and a characteristic feature of this storm is the duration of the main phase of up to 2 d. The energy and power of the geospace storm have been estimated to be 1.5×10 15 J and 1.5×10 10 W, and thus, this storm is weak. The main results of the study are as follows. This study provides general analysis of the 30 August–2 September 2019 geospace storm, the analysis of disturbances in the geomagnetic field and in the ionosphere, as well as the influence of the ionospheric storm on the characteristics of high frequency (HF) radio waves over the People's Republic of China. Geospace storm studies require the employment of multiple-method approaches to the Sun–interplanetary medium–magnetosphere–ionosphere–atmosphere–Earth The concept that geospace storms are comprised of synergistically coupled magnetic storms, ionospheric storms, atmospheric storms, and storms in the electric field originating in the magnetosphere, the ionosphere, and the atmosphere (i.e., electrical storms) was validated a few decades ago. ![]()
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